Live Betting in New Zealand: What In-Play Markets Look Like Under a Monopoly

Updated October 2026

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For a New Zealand punter, “live betting” already means something narrower than it does almost anywhere else: there is one and only one legal set of apps through which an in-play bet can be placed, and the rest of the world’s offshore bookmakers are, by statute, on the wrong side of the fence when they serve a Kiwi account. That single fact rewrites almost every choice a punter might otherwise make — which app to install, how to top it up, what protections sit behind the deposit, and what a complaint looks like when something goes wrong. This page walks through what live betting in New Zealand actually means in practice, the two lawful brands that carry the country’s entire online racing and sports betting offering, the offshore alternatives a player might have heard of and the framework that makes them unlawful for the operator (rather than for the player), and how a wager’s stake and odds translate into the number on the betting slip.

Updated 26 October 2026, cross-checked against the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) statements and the tab and betcha app store listings. The 28 June 2025 section 74AAA prohibition is in force throughout the period this page describes. Specific odds change every minute of every game; the example used on this page is illustrative, not a quoted market, and is taken as a band rather than a single figure.

Statute: Why There Are No Other Licensed Bookmakers in New Zealand

New Zealand’s online sports and racing betting market runs on a textbook statutory monopoly. The Racing Industry Act 2020 establishes TAB NZ as the country’s betting provider for racing and sports. The Racing Industry Amendment Act 2025 inserted section 74AAA, which took effect on 28 June 2025: no person other than TAB NZ may offer racing betting, sports betting or other racing or sports betting to a person in New Zealand, regardless of where that person is resident or incorporated. The Department of Internal Affairs told providers serving New Zealand to withdraw with immediate effect once the change came in. There is no licence to apply for and no licence register for bookmakers, because there is only one lawful provider.

That single operator, TAB New Zealand, runs two online brands: the long-established TAB platform and Betcha, a newer online-only sister app. Both are part of the same TAB NZ group, not rivals. Entain runs the TAB business under a 25-year partnership signed in 2023; the deal gives Entain a 50/50 share of gross profits, with at least $150 million a year going to TAB NZ for the first five years, and Entain pledged a one-off $100 million payment to the racing sector. The Racing Industry Act 2020 also runs under the Gambling Act 2003, with DIA as the regulator monitoring compliance with the prohibition (section 92A of the Racing Industry Act 2020).

The law does not geo-block offshore websites. It puts liability on the offshore operator, with no published player-side penalty. Section 19(4) of the Gambling Act 2003 (inserted in 2025) says an individual may not be convicted for placing a bet with an offshore betting operator in breach of section 74AAA. Honest framing: TAB NZ and Betcha are the only lawful option, with New Zealand harm-minimisation tools, regulator oversight and a complaints framework; offshore brands are unlawful for the operator to serve New Zealand, with no New Zealand complaints route and the specific risks DIA flags. The page does not invite signing up with an offshore brand, because the statute the rest of the page rests on is what makes such a brand unlawful.

Greyhound racing closes in stages from 1 August 2026, and from that date offshore operators may not take bets on greyhound races either. A separate Online Casino Gambling Act 2026 licenses online casino gambling only and does not license sports betting; TAB New Zealand winning the right to apply for a casino licence does not extend the betting monopoly. A payment-blocking order or bank obligation was not found; nothing states a rule on crypto or VPN use, although TAB NZ accounts require a verified New Zealand address and ID.

What May Be Bet On, and on What Terms

TAB NZ takes fixed-odds and tote (pool) bets, and its published betting rules define the bet types punters see at the counter or in the app: Win, Place, Each Way, Quinella, Exacta, Trifecta, First Four, Double, Treble, Daily Double, Running Double, Quaddie and Big6, alongside Multis and Same Game Multis (a multi whose legs come from one event). Betcha’s Multi Builder lets punters build multi bets, copy trending multis and track live legs, with a multi-grid building Same Game Multis. The list of products is the same one a punter at a TAB retail outlet has known for decades, brought into the app.

Live betting is listed in the TAB NZ apps; the Racing Industry Act 2020 and its 2025 amendment did not insert any statutory rule on in-play markets, so live betting is governed by TAB NZ’s own terms rather than by a New Zealand statutory ban. Any specific market-by-market restriction on in-play play, if a punter sees one, sits in the betting rules the app publishes. There is no statutory per-bet cap; limits are TAB NZ’s own terms, and DIA’s view is that limits and rules belong to TAB NZ rather than to statute. Betcha’s Multi Builder and Same Game Multi coverage, along with TAB NZ’s fixed-odds and tote products, are how the entire live and pre-match catalogue is delivered. Live racing coverage through TAB NZ includes Trackside live race streaming with in-app betting, racing form, Blackbook and Jockey Challenge tools.

Virtual (computer-simulated) sport is treated by the 2026 online casino law as casino gambling, not sports betting. Whether esports betting falls under “sports betting” in the Racing Industry Act is not established, and the page says nothing on that score beyond the fact of the legal question. No lawful New Zealand betting exchange exists, and spread betting sits outside TAB NZ’s sports-betting definition; the page writes nothing about a New Zealand exchange or spread betting.

Safeguards: Deposit Limits, Time-Outs and Where to Get Help

The age for TAB NZ betting is 18 (betting under 18 is an offence under section 89 of the Racing Industry Act 2020). Land-based casinos are 20; a New Zealand punter never sees the two limits bleeding into each other, because a casino account is a different product from a TAB NZ betting account. TAB NZ accounts require a verified New Zealand address and ID, which both opens the gate and gives an exclusion real reach: a self-exclusion applies across both TAB NZ brands (TAB and Betcha), so a punter who closes one has closed both.

TAB NZ publishes three tools in its apps:

• Deposit limits. A punter can cap how much goes into the account across a chosen window. Limits are operator-level terms, not statute.
• Time-outs. A short, self-set break that closes the account for a defined period.
• Self-exclusion. A longer block, with an exclusion applying across TAB and Betcha at the same time.

TAB NZ also lists the free Gambling Helpline on 0800 654 655 (text 8006) and signposts Safer Gambling Aotearoa. There is no single national online-betting exclusion register in New Zealand; the register the Online Casino Gambling Act 2026 will require is for online casinos only and does not cover sports and racing. TAB NZ pays a Problem Gambling Levy of 0.74% (in force from 1 July 2025 to 30 June 2028) to fund harm-minimisation work.

For the offshore set, the picture is the opposite: no New Zealand complaints route reaches them, and no New Zealand harm-minimisation framework applies. DIA’s published warning to players is that overseas operators may be in jurisdictions with minimal consumer safeguards, may not return unspent credits and may not pay out large wins. None of that is editorialising; it is the regulator’s own framing.

Inside the Whistle: How Live Betting and Cash Out Actually Work

Live betting, also called in-play, enables a punter to place new bets while a sporting event is in progress. The distinction is not a gimmick: the odds the app shows are responding to score, possession, fouls, cards and time remaining, and they move continuously while the event unfolds. For a punter, this changes which information is useful (a 0-0 game at 70 minutes carries different weight than one at 10 minutes, and the market knows it) and which bets are reasonable (the longer the bookmaker waits, the smaller the edge a punter has left).

Cash out is a related feature on many online sportsbooks. It lets a punter take profit early on a winning bet, or recover part of the stake on a losing one, before the event is over; the offer is sometimes available on singles and multiples. The price the bookmaker offers is its own quote on the position at that instant, and any punter taking it has chosen certainty over the running outcome. Cash out is unavailable when a market is suspended and may fail if odds change or the market is suspended in that delay — a one-off event in a single bet can deny a punter the close-out they were about to take, and there is no recourse once the market is suspended. Two practical consequences flow from this:

• A punter who intends to use cash out needs to treat any market suspension as a possibility the bet will not close, not a guarantee it will.
• A punter who intends to ride the bet out needs to ignore the cash-out number: cash out is the bookmaker’s offer on the bet, not a measure of how the bet is “really” doing.

TAB NZ’s Trackside live race streaming with in-app betting, alongside racing form, Blackbook and Jockey Challenge tools, gives the racing side of live betting a stronger feature set than some international apps. Football, rugby and other codes carry live markets through TAB NZ’s fixed-odds product, with in-play prices moving as the score changes. Where a Same Game Multi is available on one event (TAB NZ and Betcha both publish these), a multi’s individual legs settle one at a time as the event unfolds, and the slip re-runs to reflect any leg that is already settled.

What Punters Must Check on the Slip Itself

Three small things on the betting slip decide whether a live bet worked:

• Time of placement. Live odds are pinned to the timestamp the punter confirms the bet. A two-second delay between the quote and the confirmation is sometimes the difference between a bet and a “market changed” message.
• Market status. If a market is suspended at confirmation, the bet may not register. The cash-out delay is the operational name for that window.
• Settlement path. For a Same Game Multi, the rule is one leg at a time — a goal in the 60th minute settles the leg without closing the rest of the multi.

Reading the Slip’s Numbers: Return and Profit

For a single bet of $10 at decimal odds 3.50, the return is the stake multiplied by the odds: $10 × 3.50 = $35.00. The net profit is $25.00 (the return minus the stake). The combined figure is the number the punter sees on a settled bet if the outcome is correct. A combination bet is different: the odds of the legs multiply into a single price, and the entire combination wins only if every leg lands. For a 3-leg multi at 3.50, 2.10 and 1.80, the combined price is roughly 13.23; a $10 stake pays back $132.30 only if all three legs win, and any one loss takes the multi down. That is the same arithmetic the rest of the betting world uses, just applied to TAB NZ’s product list.

The odds are always decimal form in the TAB NZ app ($2.10, $3.50, $5.25). A punt at fractional odds 5/2 is shown as $3.50 and pays back $35 on a $10 stake. The fractional/decimal toggle is not a difference in payout; it is a difference in reading. A punter who wants to check a bet in their head is advised to pick a format and stick to it.

The Comparison Set: Ten Brands, Two of Them Lawful Here

This is a comparison between two lawful options and the wider offshore market a Kiwi punter may already have heard of. The brands below are reviewed against the New Zealand frame, not against their original home market. The order is fixed; the headings each carry the platform’s name and what sets it apart in the comparison.

TAB NZ is one operator running two online brands; for ranking purposes, both are reviewed. The other brands are offshore brands listed for reference because New Zealand players meet them. Each is rated on what its own terms say, never against a New Zealand-licensed standard they do not hold.

1. TAB — the monopoly’s home brand, with full racing and in-play

TAB is the long-standing TAB NZ brand and the canonical Kiwi bookmaker — the brand name punter means by “TAB”. The Racing Industry Act 2020 makes TAB the only lawful online racing and sports betting provider for New Zealand; the brand’s tab.co.nz app carries horse and harness racing, rugby union and rugby league and other sports, pre-match and live. The TAB app includes Trackside live race streaming with in-app betting, racing form, Blackbook and Jockey Challenge tools, and a simplified wallet for deposits and withdrawals. A self-exclusion at TAB applies across TAB and Betcha together. The TAB NZ App Store listing carries a 17+ age rating while stating customers must be 18 or over to bet.

TAB’s in-play coverage is broad at the racing end and passable at the team-sport end. For a rugby punter, the multi-leg markets on Super Rugby Pacific, the All Blacks internationals and NRL are well-priced and the live markets update with scoreboard changes. For racing, the same fixed-odds products from the counter are in the app, with the tote (pool) and the dividend available alongside fixed-odds. A punter who wants one app for racing and team sport does not need to look further than TAB.

What the punter pays for the monopoly: there is no rival bookmaker inside New Zealand to compare odds against, so the price is the only price. For a punter who is happy on TAB’s odds, that is not a real cost. For a punter who wants a wider menu of same-game multi markets or who is otherwise inclined to shop a price at three different books, TAB’s menu is narrower than what an international punter sees. The trade is real, and it is the price of having an onshore regulator watching the bookmaker.

2. Betcha — TAB NZ’s online-only sister, with a Multi Builder and tracked legs

Betcha is the second of TAB NZ’s two online brands; it sits alongside TAB under the same section 74AAA monopoly. The betcha.co.nz app is newer and online-only, with a sharper design for betting on phones. Betcha’s Multi Builder lets punters build multi bets, copy trending multis and track live legs, and a new multi-grid builds Same Game Multis. The Multi Builder is the headline feature: trending multis are tracked as legs settle, the slip shows running state for each leg, and Same Game Multis are a multi whose legs come from one event. Compared with TAB’s app, Betcha is the more online-punter-friendly of the two.

For a punter whose main sport is rugby, AFL or basketball and whose bet style is a 3-leg Same Game Multi, Betcha is the app most New Zealand punters reach for first, with TAB retained as the racing-heavy second app on the same device. A self-exclusion at Betcha closes the Betcha and TAB accounts together, which makes a single setting on one app a closure across both.

What Betcha costs the punter: the same odds as TAB, because they are the same operator. A punter who can split stakes between the two apps can compare which one is easier to use for a particular bet type, but the price of the bet is set once. Where Betcha adds value is in the multi experience — for a Same Game Multi on rugby, the multi-grid is a better tool than TAB’s older multi screen.

3. Winz — crypto casino branding, but no New Zealand licence

Winz is a sportsbook-and-casino brand whose footer states a licence delivered by Anjouan and Tobique. The brand is not licensed in New Zealand; only TAB NZ may offer racing and sports betting to people in New Zealand (section 74AAA). The brand’s presence here is for the punter who has seen the name and wants to know where it fits.

The brand is included here because punter meets the name. New Zealand harm-minimisation tools do not apply, no New Zealand complaints route reaches it, and the regulator’s stated risks apply. Where Winz is useful on the page is the opposite: it is the worked example of an offshore brand doing what a Kiwi punter cannot lawfully do here.

4. RTbet — Curaçao licence, full sportsbook, no New Zealand licence

RTbet runs a Curaçao-licensed sportsbook covering football, tennis, table tennis, basketball, ice hockey, American football and baseball, with live betting and virtual sports. Unlike the lawful local brands, it lacks a New Zealand-approved complaint path or harm-minimisation tools. RTbet is here because it has the menu a Kiwi punter may have read about, and its sportsbook model is what an offshore brand in this set looks like.

The virtual sports menu is the brand’s distinguishing mark in the comparison. That menu is exactly what the Online Casino Gambling Act 2026 treats as casino gambling rather than sports betting, so a punter who values virtual sports elsewhere is, by statute, in a different product category.

5. Thunderpick — Curaçao-licensed, esports-led, no New Zealand licence

Thunderpick is owned and operated by Paloma Media B.V. (company number 146988), licensed by the Curaçao Gaming Authority under licence number OGL/2024/677/0722. It likewise lacks a New Zealand-approved complaint path or harm-minimisation tools. The brand is in the comparison because it is a name a New Zealand punter searching live betting will have seen, and because it is esports-led — the closest the comparison gets to the esports question not yet settled under the Racing Industry Act 2020.

For a punter who has heard of Thunderpick and wants to know where it sits: outside New Zealand’s lawful set. The brand’s esports depth is real, and the legal question of whether betting on esports sits under “sports betting” in the Racing Industry Act 2020 is not established.

6. Roobet — Curaçao-licensed crypto casino and sportsbook, no New Zealand licence

Roobet is a brand name of Raw Entertainment B.V. (registration number 157205, Korporaalweg 10, Curacao), licensed under Curaçao licence OGL/2024/687/0427. It shares the offshore operator reality of lacking a New Zealand-approved complaint path or harm-minimisation framework. Roobet is here as a larger crypto-led brand a Kiwi punter’s search history may have touched. New Zealand rules do not address crypto use in betting; account opening at TAB NZ still requires a verified New Zealand address, so the practical distinction between an offshore crypto bookmaker and TAB is also a question of access.

7. FunBet — Curaçao-licensed, 24/7 bookmaker framing, no New Zealand licence

FunBet’s sportsbook offers odds on football, ice hockey, American football, basketball, volleyball, tennis, rugby and baseball, with live betting and a bookmaker described as open 24/7. The brand names no licence that applies in New Zealand. The fact book does not record the licence FunBet claims at the regulatory level; what is carried is the rugby and ice hockey coverage that overlap with a Kiwi punter’s natural sports book.

The 24/7 framing is the brand’s marketing: a bookmaker “open 24/7”. For a Kiwi punter, the fact that says more is the absence of a New Zealand licence at all, which by section 74AAA means FunBet is among the providers DIA told to withdraw.

8. RoyalistPlay — Tobique licence, multiple sports, no New Zealand licence

RoyalistPlay’s sportsbook offers live betting, sports promotions, results and a schedule, with football, basketball, tennis, handball, ice hockey, volleyball and table tennis among the top sports, plus separate e-sports and Predictions sections. The brand names a Tobique Gaming Commission e-gaming licence (No. 0000002) — the same Tobique supplier as a handful of brands here. This licence gives no right to take bets from a person in New Zealand.

The breadth of markets is the brand’s distinguishing mark in the comparison; the licence is the immediate reason a New Zealand punter is advised to avoid RoyalistPlay as an option. For a punter who has read the brand and wondered: a Tobique licence is not a New Zealand route.

9. Glorion — multi-section sportsbook with entertainment bets, no New Zealand licence

Glorion offers pre-match and live betting, virtual sports, horse racing and esports, with markets grouped into popular, niche, indoor and outdoor sports plus entertainment events such as award shows and elections. The brand names no licence that applies in New Zealand. Support is by Live Chat or email; the site accepts customers over 18 years of age only. Glorion is the one brand in the set with an entertainment-events section on the comparison card: award shows and elections are a category the lawful New Zealand set does not carry, and the Brand’s marquee is its breadth.

The marketing of “popular, niche, indoor and outdoor sports” is the angle a punter reading Glorion’s homepage sees first; the legal reality is the absence of a New Zealand licence. That gap is what makes Glorion interesting on a New Zealand comparison page — entertainment markets are not licensed here for betting.

10. BillyBets — combined casino and sportsbook, 24/7 support, no New Zealand licence

BillyBets runs a casino and a sportsbook under one account, and the sportsbook covers football, tennis, table tennis, basketball, ice hockey, American football, baseball, combat sports, esports, virtual sports and live betting. The brand names no licence that applies in New Zealand. Support is available 24/7 through live chat and a Help Centre, and the site runs on both Android and iOS devices through the mobile-optimised platform.

The combined casino and sportsbook model is what marks BillyBets in this comparison: it is one account with two products, so a punter who has used BillyBets’s casino side is on the same account, wallet and KYC record as BillyBets’s sportsbook. That is also what makes the no-New-Zealand-licence fact bite — there is no path inside New Zealand for that combined product, and the regulator’s warning about unspent credits applies to casino and sportsbook balances in equal measure.

How the Brands Stack Up

The table below compares the two lawful New Zealand brands and the eight offshore brands on the matters the page rates on. The “what the operator’s own terms state on the key’s subject” column carries a short, neutral reading of how each operator’s own terms speak to live betting coverage and what sits behind the bet.

Two patterns run through the table. First, the two New Zealand brands are one operator: when a punter sets a deposit limit, time-out or self-exclusion on TAB, the same setting applies across Betcha, and vice versa. The two brands compete on app interface and product nuance (TAB’s racing depth, Betcha’s Multi Builder), not on licence or pricing. Second, none of the offshore brands holds a New Zealand licence, and none carries a New Zealand complaints route or harm-minimisation framework. DIA has already told operators serving New Zealand to withdraw with immediate effect, and the brands above are the kinds of operators that have been served that direction.

What the Live Betting Landscape Looks Like for a Kiwi Punter

The fact that changes the comparison most is the statutory monopoly. There is no licensed competitor to TAB NZ; offshore operators are unlawful for the operator to serve a person in New Zealand. That makes a New Zealand punter’s choice narrower than an Australian or a UK punter’s, and it ties almost every other choice to TAB NZ’s two apps.

A punter who values in-play markets on Super Rugby Pacific, the All Blacks and NRL is advised to start with Betcha’s Multi Builder and Same Game Multis, with TAB retained as a parallel app for racing and the wider fixed-odds menu. A punter whose betting is racing-led is advised to use TAB and ignore Betcha; the racing product, including Trackside live race streaming and the dividend, is TAB’s territory. A punter whose interest is virtual sports, esports or entertainment markets will find no lawful New Zealand route and is advised to treat any offshore brand with the regulator’s stated risks in mind: minimal consumer safeguards, no obligation to return unspent credits, no obligation to pay out large wins. The brand menu is not the punter’s friend here; the statute is, and it points to TAB.

Three things to check before laying any live bet, regardless of brand:

• The time of placement, and whether the slip carries the market-suspension possibility.
• The age and ID verification status, which determines whether the bet can settle to the same account it was placed from.
• The withdrawal route, and whether the punter has a verified payout account.

A Worked Example: What a $10 Live Bet Returns at Decimal Odds of 3.50

For a single live bet of $10 at decimal odds of 3.50, the return is the stake multiplied by the odds. The result is a band: $35.00 if the bet wins, $0 if it does not — because a live bet is still a bet, and a live loss is just a loss. The net profit on a win is $25.00; the gross return is $35.00. For the band reported: the result is $35.00 on a win, with stake returned as part of that figure; on a loss, $0 is paid back and the $10 stake is gone. The arithmetic is the same on TAB, Betcha and any other sportsbook that publishes decimal odds; what changes by brand is the menu and the price, not the math. For a 3-leg Same Game Multi at decimal odds 3.50, 2.10 and 1.80, the combined price is approximately 13.23; a $10 stake returns approximately $132.30 if all three legs win, with a net of about $122.30. Any single leg losing takes the multi down — by the same rule on TAB, Betcha or an offshore brand.

The takeaway is the punter’s. The math is one line; the choice is a million. A punter who can already read the slip and settle in their head before placing the bet has more of the decision in their hands than the slip itself shows.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does live football betting actually work?

Live football betting is in-play betting on a match while it is being played: a punter opens the football market in the TAB or Betcha app, picks the match the bookmaker has gone live on, places a bet at the current in-play odds, and the slip settles when the bet wins or loses. The odds change through the match as goals, cards and time elapsed change the running score — a 0-0 game at 70 minutes is shorter and more uncertain than 0-0 at 10 minutes, and the market prices that. A punter who bets live on football is betting a market the bookmaker is moving on a second-by-second basis, and the price they confirm is the price they pay.

Is live betting better than pre-match?

“Better” depends on what the punter is trying to do. Live markets let a punter see the first part of the match before the bet — a punter who reads the first 15 minutes of a game can pick a market the bookmaker is still pricing as if it were 0-0. The bookmaker is moving as well, though: the same information is in the odds the moment the kick-off happens, and the bookmaker’s margin on live markets is generally higher than on pre-match. A punter who has a real read on the unfolding game has a real edge on the live market; a punter who is just betting because the price is moving is paying the bookmaker for the privilege.

How is a live bet different from a pre-match one in practice?

A pre-match bet is placed at fixed odds the bookmaker sets once, usually with kick-off or start time. A live bet is placed after the event has started, and the price reflects the running state of the event. Pre-match bets are settled at the end; live bets settle as soon as the market clears. A same-game multi is a multi whose legs come from the same event and settle one leg at a time as the event unfolds, and the slip keeps running totals across legs. The cash-out feature on a settled-leg multi lets the punter close part of the position before the rest of the multi has played out.

What is the formula that turns stake and odds into return?

Return equals stake multiplied by odds. Net profit equals stake multiplied by (odds − 1). A $10 bet at decimal odds of 3.50 returns $35.00 on a win and $0 on a loss — with the net profit being $25.00 (the $35.00 return minus the $10 stake). For a combination bet, the odds of the legs multiply into one combined price, and the bet settles only if every leg wins. The arithmetic is identical between TAB and Betcha and any offshore sportsbook showing decimal odds.

Which bookmaker may lawfully take sports and racing bets in New Zealand?

TAB NZ — operating as TAB and Betcha — is the only provider lawfully offering racing and sports betting to people in New Zealand. Section 74AAA of the Racing Industry Act 2020 (in force since 28 June 2025) prohibits any other person from offering racing betting or sports betting to a person in New Zealand. There is no New Zealand licence to apply for or licence register for bookmakers, because there is only one lawful provider. The Department of Internal Affairs told unlicensed providers serving New Zealand to withdraw with immediate effect.

What tools control play at TAB and Betcha, and who is a punter to call?

TAB NZ lists deposit limits, time-outs and self-exclusion in its apps, and a self-exclusion applies across both TAB and Betcha. The age for betting at TAB NZ is 18 (betting under 18 is an offence under section 89 of the Racing Industry Act 2020), and accounts require a verified New Zealand address and ID. The free Gambling Helpline is on 0800 654 655 (text 8006), and Safer Gambling Aotearoa is a national service a punter can reach without going through the operator. For an offshore brand, these approved complaint paths and harm-minimisation frameworks do not apply, and DIA’s warning about overseas operators — minimal consumer safeguards, unspent credits and large wins — is the regulator’s own framing.

Prepared by the Nztennisodds editorial staff.